Centralization and Decentralization
February 12, 2025
Recruitment is of 2 types Internal Recruitment – is a recruitment which takes place within the concern or organization. Internal sources of recruitment are readily available to an organization. Internal sources are primarily three – Transfers, promotions and Re-employment of ex-employees. Internal recruitment may lead to increase in employee’s productivity as their motivation level increases. […]
A manager alone cannot perform all the tasks assigned to him. In order to meet the targets, the manager should delegate authority. Delegation of Authority means division of authority and powers downwards to the subordinate. Delegation is about entrusting someone else to do parts of your job. Delegation of authority can be defined as subdivision […]
Basis Delegation Decentralization Meaning Managers delegate some of their function and authority to their subordinates. Right to take decisions is shared by top management and other level of management. Scope Scope of delegation is limited as superior delegates the powers to the subordinates on individual bases. Scope is wide as the decision making is shared […]
Internal Limitations There are several limitations of planning. Some of them are inherit in the process of planning like rigidity and other arise due to shortcoming of the techniques of planning and in the planners themselves. Rigidity Planning has tendency to make administration inflexible. Planning implies prior determination of policies, procedures and programmes and a […]
What is Controlling? Controlling consists of verifying whether everything occurs in confirmities with the plans adopted, instructions issued and principles established. Controlling ensures that there is effective and efficient utilization of organizational resources so as to achieve the planned goals. Controlling measures the deviation of actual performance from the standard performance, discovers the causes of […]
The organizing process can be done efficiently if the managers have certain guidelines so that they can take decisions and can act. To organize in an effective manner, the following principles of organization can be used by a manager.
According to the principle, the whole work of a concern should be divided amongst the subordinates on the basis of qualifications, abilities and skills. It is through division of work specialization can be achieved which results in effective organization.
According to this principle, all the functions in a concern should be completely and clearly defined to the managers and subordinates. This can be done by clearly defining the duties, responsibilities, authority and relationships of people towards each other.
Clarifications in authority-responsibility relationships helps in achieving co-ordination and thereby organization can take place effectively.
For example, the primary functions of production, marketing and finance and the authority responsibility relationships in these departments shouldbe clearly defined to every person attached to that department. Clarification in the authority-responsibility relationship helps in efficient organization.
According to this principle, span of control is a span of supervision which depicts the number of employees that can be handled and controlled effectively by a single manager.
According to this principle, a manager should be able to handle what number of employees under him should be decided. This decision can be taken by choosing either froma wide or narrow span. There are two types of span of control:-
According to this span, one manager can effectively and efficiently handle a large number of subordinates at one time.
The manager according to a narrow span supervises a selected number of employees at one time. The features are:-
There are certain concerns where decentralization is done in very effective way which results in direct and personal communication between superiors and sub- ordinates and there the superiors can manage large number of subordinates very easily. In such cases, wide span again helps.
Scalar chain is a chain of command or authority which flows from top to bottom. With a chain of authority available, wastages of resources are minimized, communication is affected, overlapping of work is avoided and easy organization takes place.
A scalar chain of command facilitates work flow in an organization which helps in achievement of effective results. As the authority flows from top to bottom, it clarifies the authority positions to managers at all level and that facilitates effective organization.
It implies one subordinate-one superior relationship. Every subordinate is answerable and accountable to one boss at one time. This helps in avoiding communication gaps and feedback and response is prompt.
Unity of command also helps in effective combination of resources, that is, physical, financial resources which helps in easy co-ordination and, therefore, effective organization.
Authority Flows from Top to Bottom |
Managing Director |
↓ |
Marketing Manager |
↓ |
Sales/ Media Manager |
↓ |
Salesmen |
According to the above diagram, the Managing Director has got the highest level of authority. This authority is shared by the Marketing Manager who shares his authority with the Sales Manager.
From this chain of hierarchy, the official chain of communication becomes clear which is helpful in achievement of results and which provides stability to a concern.
This scalar chain of command always flow from top to bottom and it defines the authority positions of different managers at different levels.
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