Calculating Free Cash Flow to the Firm: Method #2: Cash Flow From Operations
February 12, 2025
In the past module, we concentrated on calculating the returns part of the project. All our articles were focused on calculating cash flows and we saw the various special cases that arise while determining cash flows and determined how we must deal with them. This module is all about the other component i.e. risk. The […]
The Nordic crisis of 1992 refers to the series of bank runs and currency crisis that shook Finland, Sweden as well as Norway in the early 1990’s. This was the first major national banking crisis since the 1930’s (if wars are not taken into account). Thus, an important belief that the fractional reserve banking system […]
Whenever the subject of startup funding is mentioned, the audience automatically assumes that equity investments are being discussed. This is because it is the big equity deals that are mentioned in the newspapers which catch the attention of the world. However, equity funding is not the only way in which startup founders can raise capital. […]
We have already seen the various ways in which technology has shaped the commercial banking domain. However, the commercial banking domain is so vast that it is being concurrently affected by many big changes. The increasing use of artificial intelligence for commercial lending is another important trend that is impacting the commercial bank lending industry. […]
Now, it’s time to move on to the second metric which can be used to derive the free cash flow to the firm (FCFF). This metric is the cash flow from operations. These types of questions involve a complete cash flow statement being provided as the question and expect the student to derive free cash […]
Equity valuation focuses on estimating what the likelihood of the company being a successful enterprise in the future is. Now, it is difficult to construct any model which can predict the success of any enterprise. For example, consider the fact that new age companies like Google and Facebook share almost none of the characteristics that were present in behemoths like Exxon, Wal-Mart or even Apple for that matter.
There are however, some questions that need to be addressed before a valuation exercise is undertaken. These issues are not quantitative and do not find direct application in the valuation report. These questions, however are qualitative and hence indirectly influence the valuation exercise.
Here are some of the important qualitative issues:
Industry Analysis:Industry analysis is of prime importance. Companies always compete with each other to obtain a share of the same market. Hence, if a company’s competitors become more powerful and efficient then it stands to lose out. In the modern market, no innovation does not mean stagnation rather it means the end of the enterprise as more efficient competitors will sooner or later put you out of business. Hence, equity analysts try to dig through industry journals and have a keen eye on which company is conducting what research. They also use the Porter’s five forces model to gauge whether or not, the industry as a whole is losing its attractiveness to another industry.
Strategy:The next qualitative question to be addressed is the company’s strategic vision. Usually, all companies will follow one of the three strategies. They will either try to be:
Each of these strategies requires a very different approach. For instance, cost leadership requires supply chain superiority, innovation requires focus on research and development and niche services requires focus on customer relationship management.
Analysts need to be aware of the strategy of the company, their investments towards building the capabilities required to service this strategy and also the developments that the competitors are making in this regard.
The last, but the most important issue in equity valuation is the quality of financial statements supplied by the companies. Now, we may all like to believe that accounting is a standardized process and there is only one way to account for transactions. However, that is not true. Accounting can be highly subjective. Many times companies provide financial statements which do comply with the reporting norms. However, they are opaque and do not really provide the required information.
Quality of earnings has been a burning issue in equity valuation especially after scams like Enron and WorldCom revealed that the real valuation of these companies was not even a fraction of what was being quoted in the marketplace. Here are some of the tell tale signs that an analyst needs to look for:
To sum it up, qualitative factors are also of prime importance in the equity valuation exercise. If it was only about number crunching, then there would have been algorithms developed to do so and the need for humans would be eliminated. However, which numbers should be processed is the big question. This big question can only be answered with the help of an expert!
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