What Caused the Global Economic Crisis ?
The previous article in the module introduced the global economic crisis with a brief overview of the causes. This article looks at the causes of the global economic crisis in depth. For starters, the global economic crisis carries a distinct “Made in the USA” tag which means that the origins of the crisis are to […]
The Falling Fortunes of Global Aviation Industry
The Global Airline Industry and its Travails It is an open secret that airlines all over the world are bleeding due to various reasons. They range from overcapacity and the intense competition or fare wars and price cuts by lower cost airlines to the fact that operational expenses have gone up so much that profits […]
Recovery Time Objective and Recovery Point Objective
The concept of insurance came about in the business field to cover the risk of loss of assets due to natural and manmade disasters as well as other calamities. In the current times, Organizations especially those which are dependant heavily on IT systems have begun to look at preventive steps as well as plan for […]
Why the Global Economy is Creaking to a Halt despite Monetary Stimulus
Why Printing Money is Leading us Nowhere We discussed how central banks around the world are printing money and pumping in liquidity into the global economy. This has the result of creating asset bubbles and equity bubbles wherein the hot money flows into real estate and stock markets leading to speculative frenzies instead of real […]
Case Study of the Indian Aviation Sector: Soaring High or Turbulence Ahead
Takeoff from Modest Beginnings: The Evolution of the Indian Aviation Sector The Indian Aviation sector is poised to take off and soar high in an unprecedented manner. Indeed, the Aviation sector in India has come a long way from the humble beginnings in the pre-independence era where the legendary JRD Tata, pioneered the industry and […]
The previous articles have discussed how international businesses need supporting ecosystems and business friendly policies if they are to succeed in emerging markets. Of particular importance is the role of governments in deciding whether they would allow international businesses to setup their operations and encourage them to grow and succeed.
Often, the governments of many countries do not have a choice but to welcome international businesses as they need the “hard cash” or the Dollars, as they are also known. For instance, the difference between exports and imports is known as the Current Account Deficit or CAD.
Since many emerging markets (except China which has a positive CAD) have deficits that need to be financed with Dollars. Then, the governments can either borrow these Dollars at high rates or finance the deficit through FDI or Foreign Direct Investment and Equity flows into the stock markets from FIIs or Foreign Institutional Investors.
Apart from this, the domestic industry might not have the capabilities to succeed in a particular sector nor the expertise to develop that sector. Therefore, FDI becomes necessary for the growth of that sector.
Moreover, opening up of the economy is needed for admission into the WTO or the World Trade Organization, which means that in order to export to other countries, emerging and developing market economies have to open up. These are some of the reasons why many governments in developing countries encourage foreign investment and allow international businesses to setup operations in their countries. However, whether the successive governments continue the same policies or not depends on a host of factors that include the ideological bent of the governments, the compulsions of politics, and the fact that foreign investment might not have succeeded in kick starting the economy as planned.
The key aspect here is that many governments of the emerging economies often welcome the international businesses with open arms because of the reasons listed above. However, midway through the process, some of them develop cold feet because of policy paralysis, and the factors listed above.
It needs to be understood that allowing international businesses to enter into the emerging economies must be bipartisan meaning that there must be broad consensus on the issue from all stakeholders. Only then would the international businesses thrive in the emerging market economies.
Further, the competition for foreign capital is so intense that any let up in the process adversely affects the economy and hence, the process must be continued and the international businesses given due encouragement.
Finally, the examples of China, Brazil, South Africa, and Vietnam (which is still emerging) illustrate the need for consensus on opening up of the economies and following through the process.
On the other hand, the examples of India and Russia are the other way around as these countries opened up their economies due to compulsions and then with open arms but failed to keep up the momentum. This means that the integration into the global economy would happen only when the reforms process is done wholeheartedly and without pauses or U-turns.
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Cross Border Mergers and Acquisitions and Some Recent Trends in this Field
February 12, 2025
