Problems in Comparing Pension Fund Returns
Pension funds are present in some form in almost every country of the world. Hence, ideally, there should be comparisons between the returns provided by pension funds in different parts of the world. However, this does not generally happen. This is because pension funds are not like mutual funds or other investments. There are certain […]
Simple Agreement for Future Equity (SAFE)
In the previous articles, we have discussed the concept of convertible notes. We have also seen the various pros and cons of convertible notes. However, convertible notes are not the only hybrid security that can be used by startups if they want to raise funds. A Silicon Valley-based startup accelerator named “Y Combinator” has created […]
The Fall of an Ambani Scion
Dhirubhai Ambani was the perfect rags to riches story that India had ever seen. He had started out with nothing. However, he ended up becoming the richest man India has ever seen. During his meteoric rise, Dhirubhai Ambani, owner of the Reliance group of companies, beat some of the richest and most politically well-connected men […]
Revenue Sharing in Sports Leagues
The economics of sports leagues is quite complicated. This is because of various factors. However, two of the most important factors are: The revenue is generated at the central level i.e., by the franchisor, and at the franchise level as well i.e. local revenue. For instance, broadcasting rights are monetized at the central level. However, […]
Degree of Combined Leverage Ratio – Formula, Examples and Interpretation
Most firms use both operating leverage and capital leverage to some extent. In today’s business world it is almost impossible to run a business without having some degree of automation and mechanization (operating leverage). It is also not possible to grow at an adequate speed unless the company is taking advantage of borrowed money. However, […]
The present value of a bond is the sum of all the future cash flows that can be derived from it. In this sense, the valuation of bonds really becomes simple, isn’t it? All we need to do is find out the future stream of payments that are due on the bond and then find out their present value and we call find out what the valuation of that bond is. Well, this may be theoretically this simple.
However, in practical life estimating the parameters like discount rate which go into the calculation can be very difficult. Also, using different discount rates can cause us to come up with very different valuations. So, bond valuation really is a game about guessing what the future discount rate will be.
Now, let’s have a look at a theoretical example of bond valuation. Here is a step by step procedure of how the calculation must be done:
The calculation of the present value of the bond is done in two components. They are as follows:
Also, it must be understood that bonds can have 2 values. The face value is the original issue value of the bond whereas the market value is its current market price. So, if the interest payments are not directly given, we need to compute them using the face value. Remember that interest payments are always computed using face value and not market value!
Hence, the annual interest rate needs to be converted into a semi-annual rate or whatever rate is appropriate. Then, it must be plugged into the annuity formula along with the other details to derive the present value of the coupon payments that are due.
The final step is to add the present value of the annuity as well as of the lump sum payment. This adds the present values of the interest payments as well as the principal payments. Hence, we get the present value of the bond.
Example:
Let’s find the present value of a bond whose face value is $100. Interest rate is 12% on an annual basis. The bond will make semi-annual interest payments for 10 years after which the principal has to be repaid and the bond expires.
Number of periods = 20 periods (10 years, however the payment is semi-annual)
Discount Rate = 6% per period (Since we have doubled the number of periods, we need to cut the discount rate into half)
Payment: $6 per period (6% * face value of $100)
Therefore, present value of the annuity equals $68.82. This is the present value of the interest payments due.
The principal that needs to be repaid is $100. It needs to be repaid after 20 periods and the discount rate we are considering is 6% per period. The present value of the principal therefore is $31.18
To find the present value of the bond we need to add $68.82 + $31.18. In this case, this adds up to $100. Therefore the present value of the bond is $100.
It must, however be noted that in real life bond values swing based on the expectation of what the future discount rate will be like. It is not really the current discount rate which determines the bond value!
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *
