Non Governmental Organizations – Introduction to the Non-Profit Sector
The decades starting with the 1990s witnessed the proliferation of a new kind of sector among the various agencies and governmental departments engaged in public service. This sector was the Non-Profit or the NGO (Non Governmental Organizations) that mushroomed all over the world to fill the gap between the governmental agencies and the public. The […]
Role of Communication in Conflict Management
The dissimilarity in the ideas and opinions of individuals result in a conflict. One needs to adjust with each other to some extent to avoid conflicts and better relations. Conflicts and fights must be prevented to avoid its adverse consequences like stress, anxiety and unnecessary tensions. Communication has a big role to play in conflict […]
Basel Approaches in Operational Risk Management
The Bank of International Settlements (BIS) has created the Basel norms so that the operational risk measurement and mitigation are standardized across all financial institutions. However, the approach suggested by BIS has not been constant. Over the years, it has been evolving to become more complex and sophisticated. Over the course of time, three approaches […]
Middle Level Management – Sandwich Layer and its Importance to Organizations
In previous articles, at many places, we have discussed how the middle management is in the unique position of actualizing change in organizations. We have talked about how the middle management needs to be brought on board for any meaningful change and how the senior leadership cannot alone get things going in any organization. The […]
Role of Employees in Organization Culture
A place where individuals from different backgrounds, religions, communities come together on a common platform to work towards a predefined goal is called an organization. Every organization has set of principles and policies mandatory for all the employees to follow. The beliefs, ideologies and practices of an organization form its culture which gives a sense […]
When credit default swaps first found their way into the global market, they were hailed as being a great invention. After all, they helped isolate the credit risk and helped investors use leverage to maximize their returns. It seemed like the most sensible thing to do and the end result seemed like a win-win deal with everyone earning a profit. However, it turned out that there were some negative issues related to credit default swaps as well. In this article, we will have a closer look at some of the shortcomings of the credit default swap.
The long-term nature of the credit default swaps is a problem because a lot can change within five years. There might be a recession and even companies which had a stellar credit record before the recession might start defaulting on their debt. Hence, credit default swaps are extremely dangerous for companies that are selling the protection.
Prior to 2008, the companies thought they were taking in risk-free money in the form of a premium. However, during the 2008 crisis, defaults became an everyday event, and sellers of protection had to book losses of millions of dollars every day! The credit default swaps almost ended up bankrupting AIG, which is one of the biggest insurance companies in the world.
Secondly, there is virtually no oversight of these contracts. Companies that issue these contracts are not required to keep aside certain reserves.
Also, in many countries, it is not even necessary to mark these contracts on the market. Therefore, the end result is that there are some players who sell more protection than they can afford to. This creates a chain of liabilities built on false confidence. Hence, if one party defaults, their counterparty also runs into cash flow problems and this sets off a systemic crisis.
The chain of transactions is often long and complicated. In some countries, laws have been created mandating that the notional value of the contracts issued should be translated into bonds issued and shown on the balance sheet. This will help investors better understand the leverage inherent in the companies that they are investing in.
There are many investment firms that specialize in such predatory investing. It is common for these firms to buy credit default swaps for these firms and also short their stock. Then, they use their financial muscle to purposely engineer a credit event. If that happens, these firms gain from the fall in the value of debt as well as equity.
Credit default swaps give encouragement to such ecosystems which are built with the sole purpose of destroying the credit of other companies in order to earn a profit. The powers of structured finance start being put to destructive uses instead of being put to creative use.
For instance, the liquidity of the contract, the credit rating of the company issuing the contract as well as the volatility associated with the contracts.
Many times the price of the contract does not actually correlate to the movements in the underlying security. For instance, a 1% movement in the underlying security may create a less than 1% movement in the derivative contract. Thus it becomes a bad bet for people who are buying it to hedge the risk of an underlying contract.
Hence, credit default swaps have gained a very bad reputation over the years. This is why the investment charter of many companies explicitly prohibits them from trading in these derivative contracts. This is why other securities such as credit-linked notes have become popular.
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