What is Cost of Equity? – Meaning, Concept and Formula
February 12, 2025
Uber is already a well-known brand across the world. Technically, the company is still a startup. However, Uber has a valuation of close to $70 billion. Also, the company is planning for an aggressive IPO. It is estimated that Uber’s post IPO valuation will be close to $120 billion. This is phenomenal given the fact […]
In the previous article, we have already read about cryptocurrency forks. We now know that a cryptocurrency system is basically software. Just like the software on our phones and laptops cannot stay static, the software responsible for cryptocurrencies cannot stay static either. It needs to be changed from time to time. The changes are done […]
Taxation has a major impact on the return that any investment generates. This is the reason why it is important to understand the impact of taxation on cryptocurrencies. However, since cryptocurrencies are relatively new, there is considerable ambiguity regarding the taxability of cryptocurrencies. In this article, we will have a closer look at some of […]
Options and derivatives are generally associated with equity securities. It is for this reason that most investors are not aware that they can also buy bonds with embedded options from the market. Options significantly change the risk profile of the bonds being issued. It is for this reason that bonds that have embedded options need […]
The continuous inflow of capital is vital for any economy to grow in the long run. This inflow of cash is achieved by mobilizing the idle funds to the industrious. This happens when individuals invest their money as equity capital in the companies of the nation. Hence, one of the tasks of the government should […]
Some of the well-paid engineers in companies like Amazon pay about 45% of their income in taxes. They do so every year, and it seems unfair to them why the company that employs them gets away with paying about 1% taxes. Warren Buffet once famously remarked that he pays a smaller tax rate as compared to his maid! Why is it that the reality is the exact opposite of what the agenda is? There is tremendous hue and cry to soak the rich. However, in fact, governments tend to soak the poor! In this article, we will understand the economics of tax avoidance. Why do companies do tax avoidance and how do they get away with it?
Accountants at companies like Apple and Amazon are very creative too! They have created some of the most complicated tax structures in the world to help avoid paying profits. For instance, Apple is registered in the United States. However, it is shown to be a subsidiary of an Irish company. The tax rate in the United States is 35% whereas that in Ireland is 12%. Further, the Irish company is then owned by another company in the British Virgin Islands. The tax rate there is unknown, but it is believed to be close to zero! Hence companies like Apple transfer their profits from the United States where they mainly conduct their business to the British Virgin Islands!
Apple is not the only company that indulges in tax evasion. It is just the most famous one because it has done it very well. Today, Apple barely pays taxes and has a huge stash of $50 billion in cash and cash equivalents sitting on its balance sheet.
These companies keep track of the lowest tax rates in the world and are continuously restructuring their business to have a tax advantage. Not having a tax advantage means that the companies will have to charge customers more. This is bad for business as customers will flock to competitors that offer cheaper products. Tax avoidance is, therefore, the norm and must be done by corporations if they intend to stay in business.
Tax avoidance is legal as compared to tax evasion which is a felony in most countries. Tax avoidance means using the loopholes in the governments law to save taxes. This is the reason why companies often employ scores of tax consultants. They want to be on the right side of the law while at the same time paying the lowest amount in taxes. Tax consultants also need to be legal experts because some of these tax avoidance techniques fall into the legal gray area and may be subject to litigation.
As a result of widespread tax avoidance, companies have to face what is called a tax gap. A tax gap is a difference between the amount of revenue that the government expects to receive from taxes and the amount it does. Tax gap can be attributed to tax avoidance by corporations. Nations keep monitoring their tax gaps. When this number becomes very significant, it means that the law is riddled with loopholes that are being exploited and need to be changed.
Chasing the corporations for their taxes is not a very smart strategy. Countries like France and Spain can attest to this fact. They enacted stricter tax laws trying to get more revenue from these corporations. Instead, most large companies relocated offshore to London. Their business has remained more or less the same. However, the government lost huge chunks of tax revenue that they used to receive from multinationals. Even iconic Spanish banks like Santander which have a net worth of over $50 billion are today incorporated in London and pay taxes in London! Chasing corporations to pay taxes is likely to make them flee to tax havens and other countries with lower tax rates. The loser is the government and maybe the people who lose their employment because of their governments lack of understanding.
Tax havens seem to be welcoming companies that barely pay any taxes. Prima facie this may sound insane! Why would the United Kingdom or any other country want to invite tax avoiders in their country? On careful observation, there are many benefits.
The mega corporations are fully aware that they have the upper hand in tax negotiations. From an economic point of view, any country which raises corporate taxes is simply creating the fastest route for the capital to exit their economy.
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