Corporate Reputation Management in the Post Truth Era and the Age of Fake News
February 12, 2025
Business Managers of today are living in challenging times. Business targets had never been stiffer, work pressure and managing the complexities of competition is keeping them on their toes all the time. Today, success or failure of a business and the Organisation is dependent wholly upon the Organisation’s ability to be flexible and to respond […]
The legendary media theorist, Marshall McLuhan, coined the term “The Global Village” to indicate the mass production and the mass consumption of media images and content across the world. The term denotes the coming together of the countries of the world in one gigantic web of media landscapes. To take an example, the popular US […]
The relationship between the board of directors and the management cannot be described as just being that of a relationship between an employee and his or her manager. Though the board oversees the decisions taken by the management and ratifies them along with acting as the final arbiters of the strategic direction and focus that […]
Organizations today live in highly dynamic environments. Essentially the existence and growth of the business is dependent upon several external and internal factors such as highly segmented geographical markets, aggressive competition and shorter life cycle. These and many more factors exert a lot of pressure on the Organizations to innovate both in terms of its […]
Why is Corporate Communication Needed? With the proliferation of activities that any company does, there needs to be a mechanism through which it advertises its achievements, answers queries about its performance, and has a window to the external world in times of crises and other catastrophes. The corporate communication department of any organization performs the […]
Companies all over the world use either fixed pricing or book building as a mechanism to price their shares. Over the period of time, the fixed price mechanism has become obsolete and book building has become the de-facto mechanism used in pricing shares while conducting an initial public offer (IPO). In this article, we will study how book building process works i.e. how are shares priced in an IPO:
Book building is a price discovery mechanism that is used in the stock markets while pricing securities for the first time. When shares are being offered for sale in an IPO, it can either be done at a fixed price. However, if the company is not sure about the exact price at which to market its shares, it can decide a price range instead of an exact figure.
This process of discovering the price by providing the investors with a price range and then asking them to bid on it is called the book building process. It is considered to be one of the most efficient mechanisms of pricing securities in the primary market. This is the preferred method which is recommended by all major stock exchanges and as a result is followed in all major developed countries in the world.
The detailed process of book building is as follows:
If the management agrees with the propositions of the investment banker, the prospectus is issued with the price range as suggested by the investment banker. The lower end of the price range is known as the floor price whereas the higher end is known as the ceiling price. The final price at which securities are indeed offered for sale after the entire book building process is called the cut-off price.
It must be noted that it is not a single investment banker who is engaged in the collection of bids. Rather, the lead investment banker can appoint sub-agents to tap into their network especially for receiving the bids from a larger group of individuals.
Partial book building is another variation of the book building process. In this process, instead of inviting bids from the general population, investment bankers invite bids from certain leading institutions. Based on their bids, a weighted average of the prices is created and cut-off price is decided. This cut-off price is then offered to the retail investors as a fixed price. Therefore, the bidding only happens at an institutional level and not at a retail level.
This is also an efficient mechanism to discover prices. Also the cost and complications involved in conducting a partial book building are substantially low.
First of all, the book building process brings flexibility to the pricing of IPO’s. Prior to the introduction of book building, a lot of IPO’s were either underpriced or overpriced. This created problems because if the issue was underpriced, the company was losing possible capital.
On the other hand, if the issue was overpriced it would not be fully subscribed. In fact, if it was subscribed below a given percentage, the issue of securities had to be cancelled and the substantial costs incurred over the issue would simply have to be written off. With the introduction of book building process, such events no longer happen and the primary market functions more efficiently.
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *