Series A Funding
Startup funding is not a one-time activity. Instead, it is a long-drawn process that encompasses many years in the initial life of any startup firm. It is important to realize that the funding of any startup company happens in multiple stages. Up until now, we have understood the pre-seed funding as well as the seed […]
Retail Banking: Time Deposit Products
In the previous article we studied that there are two types of deposits that banks use to fund their lending operations. We studied in detail about the different types of demand deposits. However, demand deposits are considered to be vulnerable sources of finance. Depositors are likely to pull out the funds that form a part […]
Zero-Coupon Bonds: Pros and Cons
Zero-coupon bonds are those bonds that are sold at a deep discount to their face value. This means that these bonds do not receive any periodic interest. Instead, the investors have to invest a lump sum amount at the beginning of their investment and get paid a higher lumpsum amount at the end of their […]
Risk Management in Financial Modeling
Financial models were widely used by corporations, even in 2008. However, the severity of the 2008 crash forced financial institutions to rethink their approach towards modeling. Many assumptions which are inbuilt in a financial model were being changed to imbibe the lessons learned in the great recession. One such lesson learned was about risk management. […]
Pros and Cons of Convertible Notes
In the previous article, we studied what convertible notes are and how they are used in the context of financing a startup firm. The various terms and conditions which are generally a part of the convertible notes agreement were also explained along with the working of the note. However, before investors and founders make a […]
Continuing from the previous two articles, we will look at some more counterintuitive steps that need to be taken to calculate the cash flows which should then be discounted to arrive at the worth of the project. This article will cover the concepts of how sunk costs should be treated as well as how allocated overheads may at times be different from the overhead value that we have to use in our cash flow calculations.
Sunk costs are expenses that have happened in the past that will not be affected by the current decision. The second part is very important. Defining sunk costs just as expenses that have happened in the past would be inappropriate if our current decisions affect them.
Consider a case when the firm has already spent $1 million on a project. However, the project has turned out to be unsuccessful till date. It has not churned out any positive cash flows till date. Now, the company is faced with a choice. The choice is whether it should invest more in the project that it has spent $1million on or whether it should pursue a new project.
The important point is not the answer. The important point here is the thought process that will be used to arrive at the answer. The correct thought process understands that $1m already spent has nothing to do with the new choice they are faced with. The incremental dollars also deserve their best use and hence the decision must be taken solely on the basis of NPV of additional money that is going to be spent. The old $1m is not affected by the decision that has to be taken now. Hence it is irrelevant and must be completely ignored during the decision making.
Overheads are costs that cannot be assigned to any activity directly. Assigning them within the company’s different departments and projects therefore becomes a problem. This problem is solved by accountants through the concept of allocation. Since the track of where the money was actually spent cannot be kept, accountants assume a basis and costs are allocated on that basis. The problem is that these allocated costs may not be good for our cash flow analysis purpose.
For instance, consider the fact that there are 3 departments A, B and C. The total overheads of the company now are $100. The allocation base used is labor hours and the proportion in which these costs are split is 2:2:1. Hence A, B and C have allocated overheads of $40, $40 and $20.
Now, consider what happens when the 4th department is introduced. The fourth department has an additional overhead cost of $20 taking total overheads to $120. However, based on the labor hours basis the new ratio is 3:3:1:3
Based on this the overheads allocated to department A, B, C and D are $36, $36, $12 and $36 respectively. So, for department D, we have an allocated overheads cost of $36 as opposed to incremental overheads cost of $20. Since, cash flow analysis is all about incremental costs, it is essential that we take into consideration the incremental costs and not the allocated costs while performing the calculations.
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