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When the word bankruptcy is used, the immediate image conjured is that of a company that is trying hard to stay afloat. However, external parties such as creditors are pushing for the immediate repayment of debts causing the company to become insolvent. The average person thinks of bankruptcy as an auction type event wherein the […]
Link Between Blockchain and Cryptocurrency
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Types of Capital Rationing
As discussed in the previous article, capital rationing is a form of capital budgeting. In capital rationing we change the unlimited capital assumption of capital budgeting and we try to choose projects with the finite capital that we have on hand. This finite capital may be in the form of capital that the firm already […]
Managing Revenue Risks in an Infrastructure Project
Equity and debt are the most commonly used sources of funding when it comes to infrastructure financing. However, in many cases, revenue is also an important source of funding. This is because, in many cases, revenue from previous phases of the project is used to fund the construction of newer phases of the project, thereby […]
How Cash Flow Impacts the Retail Business
The retail business is inherently a cash flow positive business. This is generally because of the fact that retailers are generally able to procure their stock on credit. However, when it comes to liquidating their stock in the form of sales, retailers generally receive payments in the form of cash or credit cards. Hence, receivables […]
In the previous article, we discussed as to how derivatives contracts can be dangerous and can pose a systemic risk. Then the question arises as to why are derivates needed at all? If they are dangerous financial instruments, that can pose a risk to the safety of the entire financial universe, then why is it that we use derivatives at all!
The truth is that derivatives were created out of the need of financial markets. They can and do serve a wide variety of purposes and that is the reason that they exist. Some of the purposes that they serve are ethical whereas others are not. In this article we will list down the 4 most common reasons behind the usage of derivatives.
Derivatives were originally created as tools for hedging. Businesses face a lot of risks related to commodity prices in their day to day operations.
Hedging is the legitimate reason for the existence of derivatives. Hedging happens when the people buying or selling derivatives contract use the underlying asset in the day to day operations of their firm.
The second most common reason behind the usage of derivatives is speculation. Now, this may not seem like a legitimate reason. However, speculators are necessary participants in any market as they provide liquidity.
Hedging happens when the parties to a contract have genuine business interests in the underlying asset. Speculation is the exact opposite. Speculators have no interest in the underlying asset and take part in the contract because they believe that they can make a gain out of the price movements. For instance if you believe that the US dollar will depreciate significantly against the Euro in the next month, derivatives contracts enable you to take a position on this in the market. Since derivative contracts are extremely leveraged, speculation in the derivative market is a highly risky business. However, there are people who specialize in doing so.
The third reason why derivatives are used in the marketplace is to circumvent regulation. Certain institutions like pension funds are prohibited from making investments in any kind of risky securities. Hence, derivatives help in superficially de-risking the securities and making it legal for the pension funds to purchase them.
Consider the case of mortgage backed securities. Pension funds were not allowed to invest money in real estate since it was considered a risky bet. However, investment bankers created de-risked mortgage backed securities which were backed by agencies like Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae. These securities appeared to be risk free and hence pension funds could legally trade in them.
There are many such instances wherein derivatives have been used to circumvent regulations and change the very nature of the investment being made.
Investors all over the world do not like transaction costs. Derivatives provide a great way to avoid and evade them. This can be best explained with the help of an example.
Consider the case of a company that has taken a fixed rate loan from a bank. However, now they believe that the interest rates will go down. Hence, they feel like they should take a floating rate loan. However, closing the loan before its due date would attract prepayment penalty. Also, taking a new loan would generally attract processing charges. Hence to avoid these transaction costs on both sides, a firm can simply structure a swap wherein they can switch over to floating interest rates without bearing any of the above mentioned transaction charges.
Hence, derivatives are extremely useful financial instruments. This usefulness adds tremendously to their popularity and explains why ever Multinational Corporation, major bank or investment bank in the world is highly involved in derivative trading.
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