Calculating Free Cash Flow to the Firm: Method #2: Cash Flow From Operations
February 12, 2025
In terms of products and service coverage, the commercial banking ecosystem is much larger than the retail banking ecosystem. Corporations have a wide variety of business needs and commercial banks being their financial partners are expected to take care of these needs. In this article, we will have a closer look at the various categories […]
Dividend discount models are the first type of discounted cash flow models that we will study. The model simply discounts cash flows at a given rate just like any other DCF model. The difference lies in the fact that dividend discount models consider only “dividends” as being legitimate cash flows. Therefore, if a firm pays […]
The Black Wednesday of 1992 refers to the momentous day when the British Pound was under attack by currency speculators. This day created history in the Foreign Exchange markets because of the fact that the Pound was considered to be one of the strongest fiat currencies in the world. In fact it was the reserve […]
In the previous article, we understood what a merchant cash advance is. We also understood the two types of merchant cash advances that are available in the market. Even though merchant cash advance is considered to be a financial innovation by some people, it also has its fair share of critics. Hence, for a business, […]
The business model behind commercial banking practice has completely changed over the years. Earlier, commercial banks were heavily dependent upon branch banking. Branches that served corporate customers were thought of as being an asset. As a result, it was common for corporate banks to advertise these branches to prospective clients. However, over the years, the […]
Equity valuation focuses on estimating what the likelihood of the company being a successful enterprise in the future is. Now, it is difficult to construct any model which can predict the success of any enterprise. For example, consider the fact that new age companies like Google and Facebook share almost none of the characteristics that were present in behemoths like Exxon, Wal-Mart or even Apple for that matter.
There are however, some questions that need to be addressed before a valuation exercise is undertaken. These issues are not quantitative and do not find direct application in the valuation report. These questions, however are qualitative and hence indirectly influence the valuation exercise.
Here are some of the important qualitative issues:
Industry Analysis:Industry analysis is of prime importance. Companies always compete with each other to obtain a share of the same market. Hence, if a company’s competitors become more powerful and efficient then it stands to lose out. In the modern market, no innovation does not mean stagnation rather it means the end of the enterprise as more efficient competitors will sooner or later put you out of business. Hence, equity analysts try to dig through industry journals and have a keen eye on which company is conducting what research. They also use the Porter’s five forces model to gauge whether or not, the industry as a whole is losing its attractiveness to another industry.
Strategy:The next qualitative question to be addressed is the company’s strategic vision. Usually, all companies will follow one of the three strategies. They will either try to be:
Each of these strategies requires a very different approach. For instance, cost leadership requires supply chain superiority, innovation requires focus on research and development and niche services requires focus on customer relationship management.
Analysts need to be aware of the strategy of the company, their investments towards building the capabilities required to service this strategy and also the developments that the competitors are making in this regard.
The last, but the most important issue in equity valuation is the quality of financial statements supplied by the companies. Now, we may all like to believe that accounting is a standardized process and there is only one way to account for transactions. However, that is not true. Accounting can be highly subjective. Many times companies provide financial statements which do comply with the reporting norms. However, they are opaque and do not really provide the required information.
Quality of earnings has been a burning issue in equity valuation especially after scams like Enron and WorldCom revealed that the real valuation of these companies was not even a fraction of what was being quoted in the marketplace. Here are some of the tell tale signs that an analyst needs to look for:
To sum it up, qualitative factors are also of prime importance in the equity valuation exercise. If it was only about number crunching, then there would have been algorithms developed to do so and the need for humans would be eliminated. However, which numbers should be processed is the big question. This big question can only be answered with the help of an expert!
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