Conflict of Interest in Investment Banking
February 12, 2025
In the previous article, we learned about financial freedom or financial independence. However, in the traditional financial planning world, financial freedom was only considered to be a goal that is to be reached towards the end of one’s career. The general opinion was that financial freedom has to be reached when a person has attained […]
The next step towards understanding the dividend discount model is to extend the conclusions derived from the single step dividend model. This brings us to the two period dividend discount model. In this model we will use the same logic. However, we will extend the assumption regarding the holding period. Instead of selling his stock […]
Money market instruments are considered to be very low-risk investments. This is because the money market as an asset class is considered to have a considerably low-risk profile as compared to other asset classes such as equity and debt. The main reason for the low-risk profile is because money market instruments consist of a large […]
The $4 trillion dollar Forex market witnesses a lot of market participants. However, all of these participants have different motives. An understanding of these motives is required to predict their behavior in the markets. Also, some of these participants have deeper pockets, better information and are more active than the others. Therefore, any student of […]
In the previous article, we discussed about how tax base calculations work. However, tax base calculations are just one part of the story. The other part of the calculation is the tax rate. Tax base and tax rate are multiplied to arrive at the tax amount owed by the organization. In this article, we will […]
The derivatives department is a highly specialized department in the modern-day investment bank. This is because, in terms of size, the derivatives department easily dwarfs all other departments in the investment bank.
For instance, the worldwide market for derivative contracts is said to be valued at $79 trillion! This is definitely a notional value since it is more than all the money present in the world. This notional value is generally used to calculate the actual value, which changes hands. Even though that amount is much smaller than $79 trillion, it is still the biggest market in the world. Needless to say, investment banks all over the world have interests related to this market.
In this article, we will explain how investment bankers utilize their other businesses to generate more business for themselves in the derivatives department.
The investment banking team has a team of specialized people called “quants.” These people are able to understand the risks which accrue when several investment banking products are clubbed together to create a new financial product. These types of products are often called structured products. They have been at the center of many debates, particularly after they were blamed for the downfall of the financial markets in 2008.
Securitized products such as mortgage-backed loans, collateralized debt obligations, etc. all fall under the category of structured products.
The trading desk of the investment bank provides continuous buy-sell quotes. Needless to say that there is a bid-ask spread present in all quotes so that the investment banker is somewhat compensated for the risk that they undertake. This market-making takes up a lot of capital from the trading desk of the investment bank. However, it is important since it provides an exit route to the investors.
Investment bankers also gain from this transaction. This is because firstly, they earn an origination fee when the securities are created and then earn a bid-ask spread when they make the market. Investment banks have deep networks and hence are able to sell out these securities to other counterparties and hence unlock their capital.
Hence, the financials of the investment bank can be severely impacted in the event of a downturn. Investment bankers hire special risk analysts to manage the risks that they undertake during this trading.
These risks analysts use complex mathematical techniques to understand the quantum of risks as well as the financial impact it may have. In many cases, if the investment bank finds the risk to be too much, it takes it off its books by buying other derivatives products that might be sold on the exchange.
The bottom line is that trading and selling of derivatives has become an important business of investment banks. In fact, this is what investment banks are now largely known for. This line of business has also brought a lot of disrepute to investment banking as too many scandals have emerged within a short period of time.
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *