Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) is another popular metric that is used widely in financial analysis. The reason for its popularity is that like ROA, ROIC can be used by both equity and debt holders. Also, like ROA, it provides data about return to the company as a whole and is not affected by leverage. […]
Retention Strategies – Definition and its Components
Any employee retention strategy would necessarily include a plan for redressing employee grievances and ways and means to address employee issues. This would mean that the employees would be enabled to take their issues regarding pay, their work, their role etc. to the HR manager for each division and expect to get a fair hearing […]
Embedded Options in Fixed income Securities
Options and derivatives are generally associated with equity securities. It is for this reason that most investors are not aware that they can also buy bonds with embedded options from the market. Options significantly change the risk profile of the bonds being issued. It is for this reason that bonds that have embedded options need […]
Ad Spending: A Primer
The advertising budget is a residual expense. This means that every additional dollar that is spent on advertising comes straight out of the profit. Also, if advertisements are done cheaply, it straight away impacts the bottom line. This is the reason why fourth quarters traditionally have lowest advertising spends. If companies know that they are […]
Why Workplace Bullying is Real and How Organizations Can Tackle This Menace
What is Workplace Bullying and how it is Different from Sexual Harassment More often than not, we hear about organizations having strict policies against harassment and discrimination which are primarily dealing with Sexual and Gender based harassment at the workplace. However, there is another element of workplace harassment and it is the very real menace […]
Sigma or standard deviation is a statistical measure of dispersion in data. It is a measure which uses the characteristic of past data to make judgements about how the process will perform in the future. If a given set of data has normal probability distribution then the number of defects that will occur in the process over a period of time can be known depending upon the sigma level of the process.
The sigma (standard deviation) is multiplied with the numbers 1, 2, 3 etc to come up with a range. For example lets assume that the average of a data set is 10, while the sigma is 2. Hence 1 sigma will include all the data points between 10 +/-2 i.e. between 8 and 12. A 2 sigma measure would include 10+/-2(2) i.e. all data points between 6 and 14. So on and so forth.
However, it is a known fact that in a normal distribution the points tend to be around the mean. Therefore all the points will be closer to the average. Hence as one goes to farther and farther sigma levels the additional gains in terms of productivity are less.
To be a six sigma organization, the processes of an organization must be able to support this kind of efficiency sustainably. Building such robust processes requires a lot of intelligence and effort.
| Sigma Level | Defects/Million | Percentage Defects |
| 1 | 691462 | 69% |
| 2 | 308538 | 31% |
| 3 | 66807 | 6.7% |
| 4 | 6210 | 0.62% |
| 5 | 233 | 0.023% |
| 6 | 3.4 | 0.00034% |
| 7 | 0.019 | 0.0000019% |
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What the Current Wave of Protectionism and Populism mean for the Future of Globalization and Free Trade
February 12, 2025
