Common Terminologies Used in Forex Markets
Financial markets have their own terminologies. The Forex market has a number of terms which it shares with other financial markets but which mean different things in the Forex market. Also, there are some words which are completely unique to Forex. In this article, we have a closer look at Forex terms. These terms will […]
Aspiring for a Career in Finance? Here are Some Things that Would Help You Prepare
The Glitz and Glamour of Finance Beckons Many Many management graduates and those working towards entering business schools often aspire to be financial professionals and dream of being an investment banker, private equity specialist, stock analyst, or a pure play banker in the plain vanilla banking. Indeed, with the globalization of finance and the integration […]
What is the DHFL Scam?
In the recent past, the economy of India has been hit by one corporate marauder after another. It is surprising how the people who are calling the shots in an economy on any given day suddenly disappear from the country and turn rogue. However, this same story has played out in India over and over […]
Exorbitant Privilege: US Dollar
The financial community of the world is at a consensus that the current economic system provides the United States government with exorbitant privileges. This means that the system does not treat all countries equally. Rather it provides an unfair advantage to the United States because the dollar is the reserve currency of the world. The […]
Goldman Sachs and the 1MDB Scandal
The 1MDB scandal is a scandal of epic proportions that was uncovered in Malaysia almost five years ago. This scandal has led to a lot of consequences in Malaysia. For instance, this was the main reason behind the sudden downfall of the previous Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Razak’s government. The main accused, Jho Low, who […]
In the past few articles, we have studied about the various models that are available to help us predict the value of a firm based on the dividends that it provides. However, all these models had one flaw. They expected that the dividends of the firm will follow some set pattern. For instance, the assumptions were that that the dividend of a firm will continue to rise for 5% for the next 3 years.
Now, the reasons behind these assumptions were twofold. Firstly, dividends are difficult to predict. Hence, assuming a pattern reduces the risk of making mistakes. Thus, the ease of forecasting is one of the reasons. Also, calculations related to valuation of stocks have to be conducted at a fast pace. Hence, the formulas assume simplistic patterns in which dividends are expected to behave in the future. This is for calculation ease.
However, both the forecasting ease and the calculation ease make the formula less effective and less accurate. Therefore, in real life, analysts almost always use more complex tool like spreadsheet models to come up with a more accurate valuation.
Real life scenarios are much more complex. Almost no company is able to follow a predictable pattern when it comes to making dividend payments. Companies may experience a 5% growth this year but may soon experience a 3% decline the next year. Multiple factors like macro-economy, the nature of competition, the changing purchasing powers etc determine the stability of the dividends. For most companies, these factors will not be stable and hence their dividends are unlikely to match the trends which are built in any of the formulas.
Some degree of error is always present in all calculations. If the error is small then the effort required to correct it may not be worth the while. However, valuation models are extremely sensitive to changes in inputs. This is because they are calculating values of cash flows over a very long period of time. Hence, the inputs need to be perfect and errors cannot be ignored. Thus analysts simply cannot work with the suboptimal results that the formula provides and a better mechanism is required.
This is where spreadsheet modeling comes to the rescue. Spreadsheet tools have advanced calculation capabilities. They can process millions of bits of data and provide the relevant answer in a few seconds. Also, spreadsheet modeling allows separating the inputs from the calculations. Thus, scenario analysis can be conducted with extreme ease and in a matter of minutes.
Scenario analyses have become more and more important in the recent past. Analysts and investors have realized that it is almost impossible to predict the exact movement in the valuation of a company. Hence, instead of looking for one value, they are usually looking at a range of values. These ranges provide a more accurate estimate of what the future is expected to be like. It is here that scenario analysis helps a lot. Analysts can vary the inputs in different combinations and note down the effect of the change in these inputs in the valuation of the firm.
While conducting the scenario analysis, analysts can also understand the relationship between individual inputs and the valuation derived. In some cases, growth rate may be the most important factor whereas in other cases the discount rate may be of more importance. Either ways, spreadsheet models help uncover these relationships in real time with almost no effort.
In conclusion, it needs to be understood that there is really nothing that cannot be done manually which the spreadsheet models do for us. Spreadsheet models just help us to automate the whole process and increase the speed at which these calculations can be conducted. But, in the financial markets, speed is what is of utmost importance and hence spreadsheets have become an integral part of the business.
Any analyst who wishes to have a fruitful career in finance ought to be aware of and skilled in the use of spreadsheets to create financial models.
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Calculating Free Cash Flow to the Firm: Method #2: Cash Flow From Operations
February 12, 2025
