The COSO Framework for Internal Control
February 12, 2025
A difference in the opinions, values, understandings and thought processes of individuals lead to a conflict. When individuals strongly oppose each other’s ideas and concepts, a conflict starts. It has been observed that when people think in dissimilar ways and are not willing to compromise at all, conflict arises. Conflict can start anytime and at […]
An organization is an individual’s first home as one spends the maximum time here only. No organization runs for charity, it is really important that the organization achieve its goals. How does an organization become successful? How will an organization achieve its goals?. The employees are the assets for any organization and the profitability of […]
It has been researched that many leaders refrain from showing compassion at their work place. There are multiple reasons due to which they do so, discussing some of these below: Showing compassion would mean agreement with the subordinates: Many people think that being compassionate would mean that they are agreeing with whatever have been done […]
Conflict management plays a very important role in preventing conflicts among individuals. How does a conflict arise? When individuals strongly oppose each other’s opinions and ideas, the probability of a conflict arises. A conflict starts when individuals think on different lines and find it very difficult to accept each other’s ideas. Conflict must be avoided […]
There are many organizations in the world that have billions of dollars invested in the financial markets. Most of these organizations provide financial services. However, a lot of other cash-rich companies also have a lot of money invested both in the cash as well as the derivative segments. Hence, these companies face the risk that […]
The credit limits concept forms the root of the credit risk management practice at most organizations around the world. Financial, as well as non-financial organizations, use this practice since it has been recommended by the Bank of International Settlements in its Basel Accord.
In reality, a lot of time, money, and resources are spent in coming up with a credit limit. The services of a credit analyst are required. The credit analyst then needs to gain access to the financials of the proposed debtor after which they make recommendations to the senior management. The end result is that a credit limit is decided.
The credit limit is a means to limit exposure to a particular debtor. Hence, it has to be defined in terms of credit exposure. There are different types of exposure that can be used to define this limit. In this article, we will have a look at the different types of exposure and how they differ from each other.
A common mistake is to not include the time dimension when measuring gross exposures. This is because if the same loan is made for two years, it will be riskier as compared to a one-year loan even if the credit risk profile does not change over time. Many companies have therefore started adjusting the gross exposure amount with a time factor to make the results more palatable.
However, organizations must be careful while calculating the value of the collateral.
Securities used as collateral may be easier to dispose off since there is a liquid market and their price is easier to determine. On the other hand, real estate may be difficult to liquidate. If the value of the security is not known, then a conservative value must be used after deducting a haircut. Lenders also have to ensure that the value of the collateral is not correlated to the value of the underlying exposure otherwise it would become worthless in the event of a default.
Companies may have an overdraft facility of $10,000 but they may only use $2000 on average. In such cases, it is prudent for the lender to adjust their exposure based on the amount of credit that is actually extended instead of focusing too much on a notional amount. Hence, adjusted exposure is calculated by finding out the average utilization of a credit facility over a period of time. This is called Usage given default (UGD).
Hence, if a default occurs, it is likely that this amount will be outstanding and hence it should be considered while making decisions related to credit risk management. However, this limit should be monitored in a timely manner. This is because it is also possible that just before default, the organization may get desperate for cash and start utilizing all the credit at their disposal. If this is the case, then the exposure will rise rapidly and the company will not have an opportunity to limit its losses.
Hence, there are multiple ways to calculate exposure for the same client and the same transaction. It is up to the organizations to decide which method would be more appropriate to use in their calculations.
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *