Covered Bonds
February 12, 2025
In accounting and in finance, conservatism is generally considered to be a positive quality. However, studies in behavioral finance have shown that this may not be the case. This is because conservatism bias is one of the most profound biases which impact the investment decisions of an average investor. In this article, we will understand […]
In the previous article, we learned about what dollar-cost averaging is. We also learned about some of the benefits that this strategy has to offer. Many successful retail investors have hailed this strategy to be the most important factor that has contributed to their success. However, that does not mean that the dollar cost averaging […]
Follow the Money Trail In recent months, there has been a spate of disclosures around the world about how banks are compromising on customer identification procedures and are indulging in money laundering and other unsavory activities. From the US to India and the shadow banking system around the world including China, regulators have realized that […]
Investors can be classified into types. The two predominant types are growth oriented investors and value oriented investors. Growth oriented investors invest in young growing companies. They expect returns in the form of capital appreciation backed by the high rate growth in the operations and profitability of the firm. On the other hand value investors […]
Today, the defined benefit pension plan is viewed as being a relic of the yesteryears. Most of the plans offered now are fixed contribution pension plans. However, a lot of retirees still have a fixed benefit pension plan. Also, it is important to understand how defined benefit pension plans work just for academic purposes. In […]
When the term “fixed income securities” is mentioned, investors immediately conjure up images of bonds in their heads. However, this is a generalization on the part of the investors.
In reality, fixed income securities can refer to many different types of securities. As an investor, one must be aware of the wide range of securities as well as their pros and cons.
In reality, treasury bills refer to the debt securities which are issued by the United States government. However, the term is often used to refer to any kind of debt which has been issued by a government.
Since governments have control over the money supply of any country, lending to them comes with very little risk. This is the reason why many risk-averse investors park their funds in this asset class.
Treasury bills are issued for various maturities. This allows investors more options as they can invest according to their liquidity preference.
It is important to note that treasury bills are important even to investors who are not directly investing in them. This is because these assets are considered to be risk-free. Hence, the interest rate charged by them is considered to be the benchmark rate based on which the interest rate of other securities is also determined.
Just like treasury bills, the maturity value of the investments is known well in advance to the investors. This is the reason that these investment vehicles are preferred by risk-averse investors. Also, the safety of bank fixed deposits is guaranteed by these big banks.
For the most part, these banks are quite creditworthy. However, the Lehman Brothers collapse has shown that even the most creditworthy banks can fail. It is important to know that bank fixed deposits are also protected by government guarantees to a certain extent. Hence, in a way, they can be thought of as being sovereign debt. Another important point to note about bank deposits is that these deposits are generally illiquid. This means that investors are supposed to hold them until maturity.
They can choose to lend to top-tier blue-chip companies wherein the chance of default is almost negligible. On the other hand, investors could also choose to invest in companies that do not have strong financials.
There are some investors which specialize in investing money in junk bonds i.e., bonds that are rated below investment grade by credit rating agencies. Corporations have become extremely innovative about the types of bonds that are being issued. There are a wide variety of credit enhancement features as well as many types of coupon rates that are currently being used in the marketplace.
There are a wide variety of money market instruments such as commercial papers, repurchase agreements, etc. which are commonly traded in the open market. Investors can use these instruments to park their funds or the short term. They are often used in place of bank fixed deposits since they are more liquid.
Some of these securities are backed by mortgages, others by car loans, and yet others by credit card debt. Asset-backed securities are extremely risky. This fact has already been demonstrated in the subprime mortgage crisis.
Instead, it is the exchange of a lump sum for a stream of periodic payments. However, since annuities also provide a fixed rate of return, they can be considered to be fixed-income security as well.
Hence, it can be seen that the fixed-income securities market is quite complex. It has many different asset classes which can also be divided into asset sub-classes.
Hence, investors can choose from a wide variety of instruments including risky instruments when they want to make their investment decision.
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *