Advantages of Behavioral Finance
The problem with traditional financial theories is that they tend to operate in an ideal world! The underlying assumptions are that the information available is perfect, the investors are capable of interpreting the information. Another assumption is that there is a single right answer which can be mathematically worked out. However, when investors use this […]
Stress Testing in Money Market Funds
From the previous articles, we already know that money markets form an integral part of the overall financial system. Also because of their large volumes and high ratio of demand deposits, the money market funds are always at the risk of a run. It is for this reason that the Securities and Exchange Commission has […]
Preferred Shares: An Introduction
Whenever the topic of fixed income securities is considered, the obvious assumption many investors make is that the conversation is about bonds. It is true that bonds are the most commonly traded types of fixed-income securities. However, they are not the only type of fixed-income securities. Preferred shares are another common type of fixed income […]
What is Illusion of Control Bias and How to Avoid it
Any stock market around the world is huge in size. It is made up of many participants who regularly buy and sell assets. Since there are so many buyers and sellers, and the money is spread out amongst them, none of them has complete control over the events that take place in the market. The […]
Remote Deposit Capture (RDC)
Commercial banks have been relying on a wave of digitization in order to provide the best-in-class service to their customers. They provide several services which allow their customers to shorten their credit to cash cycle. One such service which has been enabled by the advent of technology is called remote deposit capture (RDC). Remote deposit […]
Forex quotations can be quite complex for the average person. It takes some training and knowledge to understand that these quotations can be provided in more than one way! Also, it takes a little getting used to before a person can quickly comprehend these quotes and take quick decisions based on the same. In this article, we will explain the two types of Forex quotations as well as the abbreviations which are used in them.
Any Foreign exchange market quotation always uses the abbreviation of the currency under question. There are standard currency keys or currency codes that have been created by International Standards Organization (ISO). These keys are used for transactions worldwide.
The key is made up of 3 alphabets. The first two alphabets of the key denote the country to which the currency belongs whereas the third alphabet of the key is the first alphabet of the currency. Hence, United States dollar is referred to as the USD, Indian Rupee is referred to as INR, Great Britain Pound is referred to as GBP and the Japanese Yen is abbreviated as JPY.
The exceptions to this rule would be currencies like Euro which is abbreviated as EUR and most importantly the Swiss Franc which is abbreviated as CHF.
Therefore, if the value of the domestic currency increases, a smaller amount of it would have to be exchanged. Conversely a decline in value would create a situation where a large amount of the domestic currency would have to be exchanged. Hence, it can be said that the quotation rate has an inverse relationship with the value of the domestic currency.
The value of the domestic currency is assumed to be 1 in case of a direct quotation. The price being quoted explains the number of units of foreign currency that can be exchanged for a single unit of domestic currency.
USD/JPY: 143.15/18
This quote suggests that roughly 143 units of Japanese Yen can be exchanged for 1 unit of United States Dollar. The two rates provided are bid and ask rates i.e. the different rates at which the market maker is willing to buy and sell the currency.
Since this method is quoted in terms of foreign currency, the quoted rate has a direct correlation with the domestic rate. If the quote goes up, so does the value of the domestic currency and vice versa.
EUR/USD: 0.875/79
In this case, the first currency i.e. EUR is the domestic currency. Therefore, the indirect quote refers to approximately 0.875 EUR being exchanged for 1 unit of USD. Once again the two rates provided are the bid ask rate i.e. the two different rates at which market makers are willing to buy and sell the currency.
By convention most quotations that involve the United States dollar provide a direct quote for the dollar. This is because most countries in the world are looking to buy the reserve currency of the world. Therefore any currency pair involving the United States Dollar will usually begin with USD/XXX where XXX denotes the variable counter currency.
Hence, even if a quote for INR and USD is received in India, it is written as USD/INR even though Indian Rupee is the domestic currency. It would not be incorrect to provide an INR/USD quote. However, that is not the Forex market convention.
A notable exception to the above rule would be the Euro and Dollar pair wherein Euro is still assumed to be the domestic currency.
Therefore any Forex quotation can be interpreted in different ways based on the type of quotation that is being provided, where it is being provided and various other market conventions and norms!
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